Bacteria and fungi analyses of fish diets with grasshopper and cockroach meals: the potential replacement of fishmeal in fish diets

Kabir Mohammed  Adamu; Mohammed Aliyu-Paiko; Yakubu Manbe Mohammed; Taofikat Tinuola Adebola; Muhammad Hafsat; Kate Isioma Iloba

doi:10.17017/j.fish.324

Kabir Mohammed Adamu Department of Biological Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, P.M.B. 11, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria
Mohammed Aliyu-Paiko Department of Biochemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, P.M.B. 11, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria
Yakubu Manbe Mohammed Department of Biological Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, P.M.B. 11, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-7083
Taofikat Tinuola Adebola Department of Biological Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, P.M.B. 11, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria
Muhammad Hafsat Department of Biological Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, P.M.B. 11, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria
Kate Isioma Iloba Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.324

Keywords: fish nutrition, insect protein, microbial analyses, probiotic bacteria, pathogenic organisms

Abstract

The need to further ascertain the quality of fishmeal with biological indicators has poised this study to determine the biological characterisation of formulated diets with supplemented insect protein (variegated grasshopper and American cockroach). The diets (A–F) were prepared with local ingredients (A, 100% grasshopper meal; B, 100% fishmeal; C, 1:1 grasshopper:fishmeal; D, 1:1 cockroach:fishmeal; E, 100% cockroach meal; F, commercial diet). Samples of prepared diets ready to be stored for use were subjected to bacteria and fungi test. Diet F recorded the highest (4.60±1.10×10²cfu g^–1) total viable bacteria count. The highest (3.00±0.05×10² cfu g^–1) fungi count was recorded in diet A. Six probiotics bacteria were isolated from the diets. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was only isolated in grasshopper containing diets; as Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bifidobacterium longum, Mycobacterium marinum, Bacillus subtilisand, Lactococcocus lactis were only isolated in diets F, E, D, A and B respectively. Two pathogenic bacteria isolated were Streptoccoci pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Aspergillus flavus and Penicillum sp. are the two species of fungi isolated from diet A, and diets C and E respectively. The diets with insect proteins were rich in probiotic bacteria than other diets may be considered to replace fishmeal in fish diet.

References

Adamu KM, Adebola MO, Iloba IK, Jonathan D, Abdullahi AS, ... Ikomi BR (2018) Are fungi isolated from water and fish samples in Lapai-Agaie Dam, Nigeria pathogenic to human health? Production Agriculture and Technology 14(2): 58–67.

Babayi H, Olayemi IK, Fadipe LA, Baba MB, Sadiku JO (2018) Mineral nutrient profiles of grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) subjected to different conventional post-harvest processing techniques. International Journal of Applied Biological Research 9(2): 152–165.

Bankole S, Schollenberger M, Drochner W (2006) Mycotoxins in food systems in sub Saharan Africa: a review. Mycotoxin Research 22(3): 163–169.

Boate UR, Suotonye BD (2020) Cockroach (Periplaneta americana): nutritional values is food and feed for man and livestock. Asian Food Science Journal, 15(2): 37–46.

Bujjama P, Padmavathi P (2015) Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in fish samples of local domestic fish market. International Journal of Current Microbiology & Applied Sciences 4(5): 427–433.

Charo-Karisa H, Gichuri M (2010) Overview of the fish farming enterprise productivity program, in end of year report fish farming enterprise productivity program phase I. Aquaculture Development Workshop Group, Nairobi, Kenya.

Cheesbrough M (2002) Biochemical testing of microorganisms. Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries 23: 58–59.

Cotton MF, Wasserman E, Pieper CH, Theron DC, Van-Tubbergh D, Campbell G (2000) Invasive disease due to extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumonia in a neonatal unit: the possible role of cockroaches. Journal of Hospitality Infection 44: 13–17.

Fallah AA, Pirali-Kheirabadi E, Rahnama M, Saei-Dehkordi SS, Pirali-Kheirabadi K (2014) Mycoflora, aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus section flavi and aflatoxins in fish feed. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crop and Foods 6(4): 419–424.

FAO (2017) Fishery and aquaculture department. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Gong L, He H, Li D, Cao L, Khan TA, ... Xia L (2019) A new isolate of Pediococcus pentosaceus (SL001) with antibacterial activity against fish pathogens and potency in facilitating the immunity and growth performance of grass carps. Frontiers in Microbiology 10: 1384.

Gorwitz RJ, Kruszon-Moran D, McAllister SK, McQuillan G, McDougal LK, ... Kuehnert MJ (2008) Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United State, 2001-2004. Journal of Infectious Disease 197(9): 1226–1234.

Greco M, Pardon A, Pose G (2015) Mycotoxigenic fungi and natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feeds. Toxins 7: 4595–4609.

Guzman J, Vilcinskas A (2020) Bacteria associated with cockroaches: health risk or biotechnological opportunity? Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104: 10369–10387.

Hassan A, El-Shafei M, El-Ahl MS (2011) Detection of aflatoxigenic moulds isolated from fish and their products and its public health significance. Nature and Science 9: 106–114.

Henry M, Gasco L, Piccolo G, Fountoulaki E (2015) Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish. Animal Feed Science and Technology 203: 1–22.

Ibarra-Harrera CC, Acosta-Estrada B, Chuck-Hernandez C, Serrano-Sandoral SN, ... Perez-Carrillo E (2020) Nutritional content of edible grasshopper (Shenarium purpurascens) fed on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and maize (Zea mays). CYTA-Journal of Food 18: 257–263.

Jeffery J, Sulaiman S, Oothuman P, Vellayan S, Zainol-Ariffin P, ... Abdul-Aziz NM (2012) Domiciliary cockroaches found in restaurants in five zones of Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Penninsular, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine 29: 180–186.

Khodabandeh M, Shirani-Bidabadi L, Madani M, Zahraei-Ramazani A (2020) Study on Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Blattidae) fungal infections in hospital sewer system, Esfahan city, Iran, 2017. Journal of Pathogens 2020: 4296720.

Lampert N, Mikaelyan A, Brune A (2019) Diet is not the primary driver of bacterial community structure in the gut of litter-feeding cockroaches. BMC Microbiology 19(1): 238.

Marijani E, Kigadye E, Okoth S (2019) Occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in fish feeds and their impact on fish health. International Journal of Microbiology 2019: 6743065.

Marijani E, Wainaina JM, Charo-Karisa H, Nzayisenga L, Munguti J, ... Okoth S (2017) Mycoflora and mycotoxins in finished fish feed and feed ingredients from small holder farms in East Africa. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 43: 169–179.

Menasria T, Moussa F, El-Hamza S, Tine S, Megri R, Chenchouni H (2014) Bacterial load of German cockroach (Blattela germinica) found in hospital environment. Pathogens and Global Health 108(3): 141–146.

Muratore M, Prather C, Sun Y (2020) The gut bacterial communities across six grasshopper species from a coastal tallgrass prairie. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0228406

Namulawa VT, Mutiga S, Musimbi F, Akello S, Nganga F, ... Ghimire S (2020) Assessment of fungal contamination in fish feed from the Lake Victoria basin, Uganda. Toxins 12(4): 233.

Ng'ang'a J, Imathiu S, Fombong F, Ayieko M, Broeck JV, Kinyuru J (2018) Microbial quality of edible grasshoppers Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): from wild harvesting to fork in the Kagera Region, Tanzania. Journal of Food Safety 29(1): e12549.

Njagi G (2016) Isolation of fungal agents from formulated and commercial feeds in three fish farms in humid tropical environments of Kenya, In Proceedings of the 5th Annual National Biosafety Conference, National Biosafety Authority, Nairobi, Kenya. August, 2016

Nogales-Merida S, Gobbi P, Jozefiak D, Mazurkiewicz J, Dudek K, ... Jozefiak, A (2019) Insect meals in fish nutrition. Reviews in Aquaculture 11: 1080–1103.

Olayiwole JO, Adedokun AA (2015) Microbiological quality assessment and antibiogram of the bacteria isolated from fish feed, Oyo, South-West Nigeria. Journal of Animal Science Advances 5(3): 1218–1224.

Sharma HK, Xu C, Qin W (2019) Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and bioproducts: an overview. Waste and Biomass Valorization 10: 235–251.

Ssepuuya G, Mukisa IM, Nakimbugwe D (2017) Nutritional composition, quality and shelf stability of processed Ruspolia nitidula (edible grasshopper). Food Science Nutrition 5(1): 103–112.

Willoughby LG (1994) Fungi and fish disease. Pisces Press Stirling, UK. 57 pp.

Xiaoying L, Lihong Z, Yun F, Yaxiong J, Lei S, ... Jianyun Z (2014) Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds obtained from Beijing region of China. Journal of Animal Science 5: 37.

Zmyslowska I, Lewandowska D (1999) Survival of bacterial strains in fish feeds stored at different temperatures. Olish Journal of Environmental Studies 8(6): 447–451.