Zinc in commercial marine fish from Peninsular Malaysia: Biomonitoring, health risks, and UNSDGs’ connection
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the human health risk (HHR) of zinc (Zn) in forty species of marine commercial fishes sourced from Peninsular Malaysia and available between April and May 2023. These species exhibited concentrations of Zn ranging from 24.1 to 153 mg kg–1 dried weight. These values fell below the maximum allowable limits established by seafood safety guidelines, indicating that the fish are valuable sources of the essential element. The Zn target hazard quotient values were below 1, suggesting that consuming fish containing Zn poses no non-carcinogenic risks. Additionally, it was discovered that the computed estimated weekly Zn intake values were lower than the established provisional allowable weekly Zn intake. It can be inferred that ingesting fish from Peninsular Malaysia would not expose consumers to any detrimental consequences regarding Zn levels. Although this is true, on-going surveillance via Fish Watch (biomonitoring of metal pollution using fish) is imperative to safeguard the well-being of consumers who significantly depend on commercial marine fish imported from Peninsular Malaysia. The study contributes to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by promoting safe consumption, Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) through sustainable fishing practices, and Goal 14 (Life Below Water) by emphasizing the importance of protecting marine ecosystems.
References
Abadi DRV, Dobaradaran S, Nabipour I, Lamani X, Ravanipour M, ... Nazmara S (2015) Comparative investigation of heavy metal, trace, and macro element contents in commercially valuable fish species harvested off from the Persian Gulf. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22: 6670–6678.
Abdolahpur Monikh F, Safahieh A, Savari A, Ronagh MT, Doraghi A (2013) The relationship between heavy metal (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Pb) levels and the size of benthic, benthopelagic, and pelagic fish species, Persian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 90: 691–696.
Aberoumand A, Baesi F (2018) Studies on the relationship between body length, weight, and elements contents in fish Chirocentrus nudus Swainson (1839) in Iran. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 12(1): 756–761.
Agah H, Saleh A, Bastami K, Fumani N (2016) Ecological risk, source, and preliminary assessment of metals in the surface sediments of Chabahar Bay, Oman Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 107(1): 383–388.
Agusa T, Kunito T, Sudaryanto A, Monirith I, Kan-Atireklap S, ... Tana TS (2007) Exposure assessment for trace elements from consumption of marine fish in Southeast Asia. Environmental Pollution 145: 766–777.
Agusa T, Kunito T, Yasunaga G, Iwata H, Subramanian A, ... Tanabe S (2005) Concentrations of trace elements in marine fish and its risk assessment in Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 51: 896–911.
Ahmad Kamal NH, James Noik V, Chu P, Yuh L, Yin T (2012) A comparative study of Cd and Pb concentration in selected commercial marine fishes from wet markets and supermarkets in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Health and the Environment Journal 3: 25–37.
Ahmad S, Al-Ghais SM (1996) Metal contents in the tissues of Lutjanus fulviflamma (Smith 1949) and Epinephelus tauvina (Forskål 1775) collected from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 57(6): 957–963.
Ahmed Q, Khan D, Mohammad Q (2014) Heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, and Cr) concentrations in muscles, liver, kidneys, and gills of Torpedo Scad (Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758)) from Karachi waters of Pakistan. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 11: 517–524.
Alipour M, Sarafraz M, Chavoshi H, Bay A, Nematollahi A, ... Mousavi Khaneghah A (2021) The concentration and probabilistic risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in fillets of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus): a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Sciences 100: 167–180.
Alleway HK, Waters TJ, Brummett R, Cai J, Cao L, ... Jones RC (2023) Global principles for restorative aquaculture to foster aquaculture practices that benefit the environment. Conservation Science and Practices 5(8): e12982.
Anandkumar RN, Prabakaran K, Chua HB, Rajaram DR (2018) Human health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of trace metals in fish species collected from the Miri Coast, Sarawak, Borneo. Marine Pollution Bulletin 133: 655–663.
Andarani P, Yokota K, Saga M, Inoue T, Matsumoto Y (2020) Study of zinc pollution in river water: average mass balance based on irrigation schedule. River Research and Applications 36(7): 1286–1295.
Arulkumar A, Paramasivam S, Rajaram R (2017) Toxic heavy metals in commercially important food fishes collected from Palk Bay, Southeastern India. Marine Pollution Bulletin 119: 454–459.
Ateş A, Türkmen M, Tepe Y (2015) Assessment of heavy metals in fourteen marine fish species of four Turkish seas. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 44: 49–55.
Azmi WNFW, Ahmad NI, Mahiyuddin WRW (2019) Heavy metal levels and risk assessment from consumption of marine fish in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Protection 10(11): 1450–1471.
Babji AS, Embong MS, Woon WW (1979) Heavy metal contents in coastal water fishes of West Malaysia. Bull. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23: 830–836.
Bashir F, Othman M, Mazlan AG, Rahim SM, Simon KD (2013) Heavy metal concentration in fishes from the coastal waters of Kapar and Mersing, Malaysia. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13: 375–382.
Bosch AC, O’Neill B, Sigge GO, Kerwath SE, Hoffman LC (2016) Heavy metals in marine fish meat and consumer health: a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96: 32–48.
Cambia F, Benitez KCD, Perelonia KB, Montojo U (2019) Levels of heavy metals in six aquaculture commodities collected from various landing sites of Manila Bay: relationships with size and seasonal variation. The Philippine Journal of Fisheries 26(1): 26–34.
Canli M, Atli G (2003) The relationships between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species. Environmental Pollution 121: 129–136.
Çelik U, Oehlenschläger J (2004) Determination of zinc and copper in fish samples collected from Northeast Atlantic by DPSAV. Food Chemistry 87: 343–347.
Chen Y, Liao HJ, Jeng S (2008) Separation and characterization of connective tissue cells expressing 43-kDa zinc-binding protein from common carp. Fisheries Science 74: 1322–1329.
Chi Q, Zhu G, Langdon A (2007) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences 19: 1500–1504.
Daniszewski P, Konieczny R (2013) Heavy metal content in water of Resko Lake (North-West Poland). International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 8(3): 279–287.
Dorsey A, Ingerman L, Swarts S (2021) Toxicological profile for copper. Available online: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp132.pdf (accessed on 15 December 2021).
Dural Eken M, Ziya Lugal Göksu M, Akif Özak A (2007) Investigation of heavy metal levels in economically important fish species captured from the Tuzla Lagoon. Food Chemistry 102: 415–421.
Effah E, Aheto DW, Acheampong E, Tulashie SK, Adotey J (2021) Human health risk assessment from heavy metals in three dominant fish species of the Ankobra River, Ghana. Toxicology Reports 8: 1081–1086.
El-Moselhy KM, Othman AI, Abd El-Azem H, El-Metwally MEA (2014) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of fish in the Red Sea, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 1: 97–105.
FAO (1983) Compilation of legal limits for hazardous substances in fish and fishery products. In: Nauen C (Ed) FAO Fisheries Circular No. 764. Rome.
Fathi B, Othman M, Mazlan AG, Idris G, Arshad A, ... Simon D (2013) Trace metals in muscle, liver, and gill tissues of marine fishes from Mersing, Eastern Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: concentration and assessment of human health risk. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8: 227–236.
Feng W, Wang Z, Xu H, Zhang D, Zhang H, Zhu W (2020) Species-specific bioaccumulation of trace metals among fish species from Xincun Lagoon, South China Sea. Scientific Reports 10: 21800.
Garcia SM, Rosenberg AA (2010) Food security and marine capture fisheries: characteristics, trends, drivers and future perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 365(1554): 2869–2880.
Gu Y-G, Lin Q, Wang X-H, Du F-Y, Yu Z-L, Huang H-H (2015) Heavy metal concentrations in wild fishes captured from the South China Sea and associated health risks. Marine Pollution Bulletin 96(1–2): 508–512.
Hellou J, Fancey LL, Payne JF (1992) Concentrations of twenty-four elements in bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus from the Northwest Atlantic. Chemosphere 24: 211–218.
Hosseini M, Nabavi SMB, Nabavi SN, Pour NA (2015) Heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, and Hg) content in four fish commonly consumed in Iran: risk assessment for the consumers. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187: 237.
Idriss AA, Ahmad AK (2015) Heavy metal concentrations in fishes from Juru River, estimation of the health risk. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 94: 204–208.
Innigo-Figueroa G, Méndez RO, Quihui-Cota L, Velasquez-Contreras C, Garibay-Escobar A, ... Astiazarán-García H (2013) Effects of dietary zinc manipulation on growth performance, zinc status and immune response during Giardia lamblia infection: a study in CD-1 mice. Nutrients 5(9): 3447–3460.
Irwandi J, Farida M (2009) Mineral and heavy metal contents of marine fin fish in Langkawi Island, Malaysia. International Food Research Journal 16: 105–112.
Jahangir Sarker M, Naher Rima N, Sultana N (2020) Human health risk assessment with reference to the consumption of shrimp and marine fish. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 23: 1291–1302.
Janadeleh H, Jahangiri S (2016) Risk assessment and heavy metal contamination in fish (Otolithes ruber) and sediments in Persian Gulf. Journal of Community Health Research 5: 169–181.
Jaziri AA, Hasanuddin H, Shapawi R, Mokhtar RAM, Noordin WNM, Huda N (2022) Nutritional composition and mineral analysis of the by-products from tropical marine fish, purple-spotted bigeye (Priacanthus tayenus Richard son, 1846) and barracuda (Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 967, 3rd International Conference on Integrated Coastal Management & Marine Biotechnology 2021 11/08/2021-12/08/2021 Bogor.
JECFA (2010) Summary and conclusions of the seventy-third meeting of the JECFA. JECFA/73/SC. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a3da64ef-146b-4818-9cdb-2a37e1fe59d9/content
Jothi JS, Anka IZ, Hashem S, Morshed S (2018) Assessment of heavy metal concentration in edible fish muscle and water sample collected from different locations in Chittagong: a public health concern. Ukrainian Food Journal 7(3): 464–471.
Kakar A, Hayat MT, Abbasi AM, Pervez A, Mahmood Q, ... El-Serehy HA (2020) Risk assessment of heavy metals in selected marine fish species of Gadani shipbreaking area and Pakistan. Animals 10: 1738.
Kalay M, Ay O, Canli M (1999) Heavy metal concentrations in fish tissues from the Northeast Mediterranean Sea. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 63: 673–681.
Kamaruzzaman Y, Ong MC, Rina SZ (2010) Concentration of Zn, Cu and Pb in some selected marine fishes of the Pahang coastal waters, Malaysia. American Journal of Applied Sciences 7: 309–314.
Kamaruzzaman Y, Rina Z, John BA, Jalal KCA (2011) Heavy metal accumulation in commercially important fishes of South West Malaysian coast. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 5: 595–602.
Khalaf M, Al-Najjar T, Alawi DM, Disi A (2012) Levels of trace metals in three fish species Decapterus macrellus, Decapterus macrosomos and Decapterus russelli of the family Carangidae from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Jordan. Natural Science 4: 362–367.
Krishnamurti AJ, Nair VR (1999) Concentration of metals in fishes from Thane and Bassein creeks of Bombay, India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 28(1): 39–44.
Kureishy TW, Sanzgiry S, Braganca A (1981) Some heavy metals in fishes from the Andaman Sea. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 10: 303–307.
Lakshmanasenthil S, Vinothkumar T, AjithKumar TT, Marudhupandi T, Veettil DK, ... Balasubramanian, T. (2013) Harmful metals concentration in sediments and fishes of biologically important estuary, Bay of Bengal. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 11: 33.
Liang W, Dai C, Zhou X, Zhang Y (2014) Application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the removal of aqueous zinc ions under various experimental conditions. PloS one 9(1): e85686.
Liu S, Xu Y, Tan X, Zhao T, Zhang D, ... Luo Z (2022) Transcriptional regulation and protein localization of Zip10, Zip13 and Zip14 transporters of freshwater teleost yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco following Zn exposure in a heterologous HEK293T model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(14): 8034.
MAFF (2000) Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal of wastes at sea. In: Aquatic environment monitoring report No. 52. Center for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft, UK.
Majed N, Alam MK, Real MIH, Khan MS (2019) Accumulation of copper and zinc metals from water in Anabus testudineus fish species in Bangladesh. Aquaculture Studies 19(2): 91–102.
Matsunuma M, Motomura H, Matsuura K, Shazili NAM, Ambak M (2011) Fishes of Terengganu, East Coast of Malay Peninsular, Malaysia. National Museum of Nature and Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Kagoshima University Museum.
MFR (1985) Malaysia Ministry of Health Malaysian food regulations. Malaysian Food Regulations. Malaysian Law on Food and Drugs; Malaysian Law Publishers: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 43–44.
Miao F, Zhang Y, Yu L, Lin Q (2021) Source apportionment and health risk assessment of Zn (II) ions based on gridded spatial interpolation and geochemical equilibrium simulation. Research Square. DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-881092/v1
Mohan M, Deepa M, Ramasamy EV, Thomas AP (2012) Accumulation of mercury and other heavy metals in edible fishes of Cochin backwaters, Southwest India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184: 4233–4245.
Mohsin AKM, Ambak MA (1996) Marine fishes & fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries; Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang. ISBN 978-983-9319-04-0.
Mziray P, Kimirei I (2016) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in marine fishes (Siganus sutor, Lethrinus harak, and Rastrelliger kanagurta) from Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Regional Studies in Marine Science 7: 72–80.
Nair M, Balachandran KK, Sankaranarayanan VN, Joseph T (1997) Heavy metals in fishes from coastal waters of Cochin, Southwest Coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 26: 98–100.
Noman MA, Feng W, Genhai Z, Hossain MB, Chen Y, ... Sun J (2022) Bioaccumulation and potential human health risks of metals in commercially important fishes and shellfishes from Hangzhou Bay, China. Scientific Reports 12: 4634.
Nurnadia AA, Azrina A, Amin I, Mohd Yunus AS, Effendi Halmi M (2013) Mineral contents of selected marine fish and shellfish from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. International Food Research Journal 20: 431–437.
Nurul Izzah A, Wan Rozita WM, Tengku Rozaina TM, Cheong YL, Siti Fatimah, ... Lokman HS (2016) Fish consumption pattern among adults of different ethnics in Peninsular Malaysia. Food & Nutrition Research 60: 32697.
Obaidat MM, Massadeh AM, Al-Athamneh AM, Jaradat Q M (2015) Heavy metals in fish from the Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean: effect of origin, fish species and size and correlation among the metals. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 187: 218.
Ong C, Aziz NM, Shazili NA, Yunus K (2018) Selected heavy metals content in commercial fishes at different season landed at Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia Complex (LKIM) Complex, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 13: 29–38.
Owoeye O (2021) Assessment of the presence of selected metals in three types of boiled egg albumen and wines. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria 46(1): 56–62.
Peycheva K, Panayotova V, Stancheva M (2016) Assessment of human health risk for copper, arsenic, zinc, nickel, and mercury in marine fish species collected from Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 4: 41–46.
Praveena S, Lin CLS (2015) Assessment of heavy metal in self-caught saltwater fish from Port Dickson coastal water, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 44: 91–99.
Primost MA, Gil MN, Bigatti G (2017) High bioaccumulation of cadmium and other metals in Patagonian edible gastropods. Marine Biology Research 13(7): 774–781.
Rahman MS, Molla AH, Saha N, Rahman A (2012) Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Food Chemistry 134: 1847–1854.
Raza R, Sayeed SA, Siddiqi R, Naz S (2003). Trace metal contents in selected marine fish species of Northwest coastal area of Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of The Chemical Society of Pakistan 25: 313–316.
Rejomon G, Nair M, Joseph T (2010) Trace metal dynamics in fishes from the Southwest Coast of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 167: 243–255.
Roney N, Cassandra V, Williams M, Osier M, Paikoff SJ (2005) Toxicological profile for zinc. US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Rosli MNR, Samat SB, Yasir MS, Yusof MFM (2018) Analysis of heavy metal accumulation in fish at Terengganu coastal area, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 47: 1277–1283.
Saghali M, Hoseini SM, Hosseini SA, Baqraf R (2014) Determination of heavy metal (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr) concentration in benthic fauna tissues collected from the Southeast Caspian Sea, Iran. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 92: 57–60.
Sai-Ut S, Jongjareonrak A, Rawdkuen S (2012) Re-extraction, recovery, and characteristics of skin gelatin from farmed giant catfish. Food Bioprocess Technology 5: 1197–1205.
Salam M, Paul SC, Noor SNBM, Aka TD, Wahab R, Aweng ER (2019) Contamination profile of heavy metals in marine fish and shellfish. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 5(2): 225–236.
Salam MA, Dayal SR, Siddiqua SA, Muhib MI, Bhowmik S, ... Srzednicki G (2021) Risk assessment of heavy metals in marine fish and seafood from Kedah and Selangor Coastal Regions of Malaysia: a high-risk health concern for consumers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28: 55166–55175.
Sarker MJ, Polash AU, Islam MA, Rima NN, Farhana T (2020) Heavy metals concentration in native edible fish at upper Meghna River and its associated tributaries in Bangladesh: a prospective human health concern. SN Applied Sciences 2: 1667.
Satheeshkumar P, Senthilkumar D, Ananthan G, Soundarapandian P, Khan AB (2011) Measurement of hematological and biochemical studies on wild marine carnivorous fishes from Vellar estuary, Southeast Coast of India. Comparative Clinical Pathology 20: 127–134.
Shears MA, Fletcher GP (1985) Hepatic metallothionein in the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(7): 1602–1609.
Simanjuntak C, Djumanto D, Rahardjo M, Zahid A (2012) Assessment of heavy metals (Al, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Hg) in demersal fishes of Kuala Tanjung Coast, North Sumatera (pp. 178–196). In: Proceedings of the FAPERIKA-UNRI. December 1, 2012, Riau University: Indonesia.
Singh RK, Chavan SL, Sapkale PH (2007) Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and body tissues of red worm (Tubifex spp.) collected from natural habitats in Mumbai, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 129: 471–481.
Tabezar N, Sadeghi P, Attaran Fariman G (2023) Monsoon effect on heavy metal and chemical composition in Parastromateus niger of the Oman Sea: health risk assessment of fish consumption. Biological Trace Element Research 201(8): 4093–4102.
Takarina ND, Purwiyanto AIS, Suteja Y (2021) Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) levels in commercial and non-commercial fishes in the Blanakan River Estuary, Indonesia: a preliminary study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 170: 112607.
Tan SY, Sethupathi S, Leong KH (2024) Challenges and opportunities in sustaining aquaculture industry in Malaysia. Aquaculture International 32: 489–519.
Tuzen M (2009) Toxic and essential trace elemental contents in fish species from the Black Sea, Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47: 1785–1790.
US EPA (2021) Human health risk assessment, Regional screening level (RSL) - Summary Table 2021. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables (accessed on 2 October 2024).
Velusamy A, Satheesh Kumar P, Ram A, Chinnadurai S (2014) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in commercially important marine fishes from Mumbai Harbor, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin 81: 218–224.
Wan Azmi WNF, Nurul Izzah A, Wan Mahiyuddin WR (2019) Heavy metal levels and risk assessment from consumption of marine fish in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Protection 10: 1450–1471.
Wang J, Xiu L, Qiao Y, Zhang Y (2023) Virulence regulation of Zn2+ uptake system znuABC on mesophilic Aeromonas salmonicida SRW-OG1. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10: 1172123.
WHO (1998) Environmental health criteria 200: Copper. Joint Sponsorship of the UNEP, IPO, and WHO. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 978-0-429-13978-9.
WHO (2001) Zinc. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN 978-92-4-157221-7.
WHO/JECFA (2022) List of chemicals in functional category food contaminant. Available online: https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/search.aspx?fcc=2 (accessed on 15 January 2022).
Yap CK, Al-Mutairi KA (2022) Copper and zinc levels in commercial marine fish from Setiu, East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Toxics 10(2): 52.
Yap CK, Cheng WH, Karami A, Ismail A (2016) Health risk assessments of heavy metal exposure via consumption of marine mussels collected from anthropogenic sites. Science of the Total Environment 553: 285–296.
Yi YJ, Zhang SH (2012) The relationships between fish heavy metal concentrations and fish size in the upper and middle reach of Yangtze River. Procedia Environmental Sciences 13: 1699–1707.
Younis EM, Abdel-Warith A-WA, Al-Asgah NA, Elthebite S A, Mostafizur Rahman M (2021) Nutritional value and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in muscle tissues of five commercially important marine fish species from the Red Sea. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28: 1860–1866.
Yunus SM, Hamzah Z, Wood AK, Kutty AA (2015) Assessment of heavy metals in seawater and fish tissues at Pulau Indah, Selangor, Malaysia. AIP Conference Proceedings 1659: 050007.
Zahra N, Kalim I (2017) Perilous effects of heavy metals contamination on human health. Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 18(1): 1–17.
Zamborain-Mason J, Viana D, Nicholas K, Jackson ED, Koehn JZ, ... Golden CD (2023) A decision framework for selecting critically important nutrients from aquatic foods. Current Environmental Health Reports 10(2): 172–183.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
