Effect of stocking densities on growth, production and survival rate of red tilapia in hapa at fish hatchery Chilya Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan

  • Abdul Malik Daudpota Directorate of Fisheries Sindh, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh, Pakistan
  • Illahi Bux Kalhoro Department of Anatomy and Histology Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, Pakistan
  • Sajjad Ali Shah Directorate of Fisheries Sindh, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh, Pakistan
  • Hameeda Kalhoro Department of Fresh Water Biology and Fisheries, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan
  • Ghulam Abbas Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
Keywords: Stocking density, growth performance, survival, red tilapia, production, hapa

Abstract

Effect of stocking density on growth, production and survival of red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus) were conducted in hapa for 60 days at Chilya Thatta. Tilapia fry (4.5±0.02 cm, 2.0±0.01 g) were stocked into hapa (4.5x2.4x1 m). Three treatments with two replicates were used: T1-200; T2-250 and T3-300 fry/hapa. Fry were fed twice a daily with pelleted feed containing 35% protein, 5% of total biomass. After 60 days, the highest growth were determined in T1 (49.8±0.0 g) while in T3 lowest growth (29.09±0.0 g) was recorded. Production (9.56, 10.13 and 8.12 kg/m3/60days) in T1, T2 and T3 respectively were significantly different (P<0.05) to each other. Feed conversion ratio of 0.48, 0.48 and 0.49 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively not significantly different (P>0.05). Survival was significantly different among treatments (P<0.01). Highest survival (100%) was attained in T1 with lower stocking density, followed by T2 (98%) and T3 (95%). Water quality parameters recorded throughout the study period were found within the ranges for fish culture such as temperature 27.2 to 28.5 °C, dissolved oxygen 5.8 to 6.4 mg/l, pH 6.9 to 7.6, ammonia from 0.45 to 0.51 mg/l, hardness 106 to 110 ppm and nitrite 0.151 to 0.162 mg/l.

References

AASP (1996) Final Report: ODA Support for Aquaculture at the Asian Institute of Technology, Dec. 1992–May 1995 and Aquaculture Support Project _Jun.–Nov. 1995. Agricultural and Aquatic Systems Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, 126 pp.

Ahmad MH, Abdel-Tawwab M and Khattab YAE (2004) Effect of dietary protein levels on growth performance and protein utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with different initial body weights. In: The sixth international symposium on tilapia in aquaculture, Manila, Philippine. pp. 249-263.

Ahmed GU (1982) Intensive culture of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) in floating ponds with special reference to different stocking, M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Fisheries Biology and Limnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. 38 pp.

AIT (1994) Partners for development, the promotion of sustainable aquaculture. AIT Aquaculture, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. 98 pp.

Andrews JW, Knight LH, Page, Mastuda JW and Brown EE (1971) Interactions of stocking density and water turnover on growth and food conversion of channel catfish reared in intensively stocked tanks. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 33(4): 197- 203. DOI: 10.1577/1548-8640(1971)33[197:IOSDAW]2.0.CO;2

Azim OME, Verdegem MCJ, Singh M, van AA, Dam and Beveridge MCM (2003) The effect of periphyton substrate and fish stocking density on water quality, phytoplankton, periphyton and fish growth. Aquaculture Research 34(9): 685-695. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00867.x

Barua G (1990) Gonadal development and fry rearing of Clarias batrachus, Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Dept. of Fisheries Biology and Limnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. 310 pp.

Bautista AM (1987) Tilapia hatchery and nursery systems, operation and management, pp. 9-13. In: Guerrereo III RD, Guzman DL, Lantican CM (Eds.), Tilapia Farming. Proceedings of of the First National Symposium and Workshop on Tilapia Farming. November 24-26, PCARRD, BFAR and SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. Los Banos, Laguna. PCARRD Book Series No. 48. 68 pp.

Bautista AM, Carlos MH and Son Antonio AI (1988) Hatchery production of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) at different sex ratio and stocking densities. Aquaculture 73(1-4): 85-89. DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(88)90043-9

Benetti DD, Matera JA, Stevens OM, Alarcon JF, Feeley MW, Rotman FJ, Minemoto Y, Banner-Stevens G, Fanke J, Zimmerman S and Eldridge L (2002) Growth, survival, and feed conversion rates of hatchery reared mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis cultured in floating net cages. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 33(3): 349-357. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2002.tb00511.x

Bhujel RC (1997) A new record! Tilapia fry sale reached nearly 10 million a month. AASP Newsletter. 2-4. 16.

Bhujel RC, Little DC and Turner WA (1998) Quality monitoring of sex-reversed tilapia fry. Fish Farmer September October issue. pp. 34-37.

Cremer MC, Jian Z and Enhua Z (2002) Pangasius catfish production in ponds with soy-Based Feeds American Soybean Association, URL: http://www.soyaqua.org/pdf2/02.

Dambo W Band and Rana KJ (1992) Effects of stocking density on growth and survival of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fry in the hatchery. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 23: 71-80.

Diana JS, Yi Y and Lin CK (2004) Stocking densities and fertilization regimes for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) production in ponds with supplemental feeding, in Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, R. Bolivar, G. Mair and K. Fitzsimmons, Eds. Manila, Philippines, BFAR, Philippines pp.487-499.

Essa MA and Nour AM (1988) Effect of stocking density and supplementary feeding on growth rate, food utilization and cost of tilapia hybrid production (Oreochromis niloticus X O. aureus) in cages. Proc.lst Conf. Develop. Fish. Res. Alexandria, Egypt, 6-8 August pp. 75-82.

Fassler R (1984) Golden Tilapia The catch of tomorrow. Hawaii Fishing News 9(3): 24-25.

Fitzgerald WJ (1979) The red orange tilapia, a hybrid that could become a world favourite. Fish Farming International 6(1): 26 - 27.

Guerrero III RD, Guerrero LA (1985) Further observations on fry production of Oreochromis niloticus in concrete tanks. Aquaculture 47(2-3): 257-261. DOI: 10.1016/0044-8486(85)90072-9

Hannibal MC, Amparo LF and Aurelio AC (2011) Effect of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Survival and Production of Silver Pompano, Trachinotus blochii (Lacépède, 1801) in Marine Floating Cages. Asian Fisheries Science 24:321-330.

Haque MM, Islam MA, Ahmed GU and Haq MS (1984) Intensive culture of java tilapia (Oreochromis mossumbica) in floating pond at different stocking density. Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries 7: 55-59.

Hughes DG and Behrends LL (1983) Mass production of Tilapia nilotica seed in suspended net enclosures. In: Fishelson L, Yaron Z (Eds.), Tilapia Aquaculture. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tilapia Aquaculture, Israel Tel Aviv University, Nazareth pp. 394-401.

Irwin S, Halloran JO and Fitzgerald RD (1999) Stocking density, growth and growth variation in juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (Rafineseque). Aquaculture 178: 77-88.

Islam AM, Das DR, Khalequzzaman SM, Kamal D and Abdul Halim KM (2006) Extensive culture of red tilapia with four stocking densities at Beel Kodalia, Bagerhat, Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 9(10): 1965-1969. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2006.1965.1969

Ita EO, Madu CT, Omorinkoba WS and Pandogari A (1989) Preliminary estimator of the survival rate of Clarias angullaris fry under outdoor hatchery management system. Annu. Rep. Natl. Inst. Fish. Res. (Nigeria), 88-94.

Johnson WE (1965) On mechanism of self-regulation of population abundance in Oncorhynchus nerca Mitt. Int. Verin. theor. Angew. Limnol., 13: 66-87.

Kawamoto NY, Inoye Y and Nakanishi S (1957) Studies on the effects by the pond areas and densities of fish in the water upon the growth rate of carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Rep. Faculty Fish. Prefect. Univ. Mic 2: 437-447.

Liao IC and Chen TP (1983) Status and prospects of tilapia culture in Taiwan. pp. 588-598. In: Fishelson L and Yaron Z (compilers) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Nazareth, Israel 8-13.

Little DC, Lin CK and Turner WA (1995) Commercial scale tilapia fry production in Thailand. World Aquaculture 26(4): 20-24.

Little DC, Turner WA and Bhujel RC (1997) Commercialization of a hatchery process to produce MT-treated Nile tilapia in Thailand. pp. 108–118. In: Alston DE, Green BW, Clifford HC (Eds.) IV Symposium on aquaculture in Central America: focusing on shrimp and tilapia, 22–24 April 1997, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Asociacion Nacional de Acuicultores de Honduras and the Latin American Chapter of the World Aquaculture Society. 237 pp.

Liu KM and Chang WB (1992) Bioenergetic modeling of effect of fertilization, stocking density, and spawning on growth of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management 23: 291-301.

Maniruzzaman M (2001) Polyculture of Pangsius sutchi with carps at a fish farm of Saleque Enterprize, Namopara, Rajshahi, MS Thesis, Department of Fisheries, RU, Rajshahi, 49 pp.

Mollah MFA (1985) Effects of stocking density and water depth on the growth and survival of freshwater catfish, Clarias macrocephalus Gunther larvae. Indian Journal of Fisheries 32: 1-17.

Narejo NT, Dayo A, Dars BA, Mahesar H, Laghari MY and Lashari PK (2010) Effect of stocking density on growth and survival rate of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fed with formulated feed. Sindh University Research Journal (Sci. Ser.) 42(1): 35-38.

Narejo NT, Rahmatullah SM and Mamnur Rashid M (2003) Effect of different feeds on growth, survival and production of freshwater mud eel, Monopteruscuchia(Hamilton) reared in cemented cisterns. Indian Journal of Fisheries 50 (4): 473-477.

Narejo NT, Salam MA, Sabur MA and Rahmatullah SM (2005) Effect of stocking density on growth and survival of indigenous catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) reared in cemented cisterns fed on formulated feed. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 37 (1): 49-52.

Obi A and Shelton WL (1988) Effects of broodstock density on fry production in Oreochromis hornorum (Trewavas). Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 3: 107-110.

Ouattara NI, Teugels GG, Douba VN and Philippart JC (2003) Aquaculture potential of the black-chinned tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron (Chiclidae). Comparative study of the effect of stocking density on growth performance of landlocked and natural populations under cage culture conditions in Lake Ayame (Cote d’Ivoire)”. Aquaculture Research 34 (13): 1223-1229.

Pillay TVR (1990) Aquaculture. Principles and Practices. University Press, Cambridge. Fishing News Books. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (eds. Fitzsimmons K and Filho JC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2: 341-345.

Refstie T (1977) Effect of density on growth and survival of rainbow trout. Aquaculture 1: 329-334.

Ridha MT (2006) Comparative study of growth performance of three strains of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, L. at two stocking densities. Aquaculture Research 37: 172-179.

Santiago CB, Aladaba MB, Abuan EF and Laron MA (1985) The effects of artificial diets on fry production and growth of Oreochromis niloticus breeders. Aquaculture 47: 193-203.

Sayeed MAB, Hossain GS, Mistry SK and Huq KA (2008) Growth performance of Thai pangus (Pangasius hypophthalmus) In polyculture system using different supplementary feeds. University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 27: 59-62.

Schreck CB, Pating R, Pring CK, Winto JR and Holway JE (1985) Effect of rearing density on indices of smoltification and performance of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture 45: 345-358.

Shah SA, Malik A, Kalhoro H and Kalhoro IB (2014) Growth performance of exotic catfish Pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) at Fish Hatchery Chilya Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Sci. Ser.) 46(2): 205-208.

Stickney RR (1986) A review of tilapia salinity tolerance. Progressive Fish-Culturist 48:161-167.

Trzebiatowski R, Filipiak J and Jakubowski R (1981) Effect of stock density on growth and survival of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson). Aquaculture 22: 289-295.

Watanabe WO, Losordo TM, Fitzimmons K and Hanley F (2002) Tilapia production systems in the Americas: Technological advances, trends and challenges. Reviews in Fisheries Science 10: 465-498.

Wiener JG and Hameman WR (1982) Growth and Condition of Bluegills in Wisconsin Lakes, Effects of Population Density and Lake Ph. Transition of the American Fishery Society 111: 761-767.

Wohlfarth GW, Rothbard S, Hulata G and Szweigman D (1990) Inheritance of red body coloration in Taiwanese tilapias and in Oreochromis mossambicus. Aquaculture 84: 219-234.

Yi Y and Lin CK (2001) Effect of biomass of caged Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and aeration on the growth and yields in an integrated cage-cum-pond system. Aquaculture 195(3-4): 253-267. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00558-5

Zonneveld N and Fadholi R (1991) Feed intake and growth of red tilapia at different stocking densities in ponds in Indonesia. Aquaculture 99: 83-94.

Published
2014-11-23
How to Cite
Daudpota, A. M., Kalhoro, I. B., Shah, S. A., Kalhoro, H., & Abbas, G. (2014). Effect of stocking densities on growth, production and survival rate of red tilapia in hapa at fish hatchery Chilya Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Fisheries, 2(3), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.88